Automatic Question Answering (QA) has received researchers’ attention over the last decade. It aims to find a short answer string which exactly addresses the users' questions rather than overwhelm them with a large number of retrieved documents, which they must sort through to find the desired answer.

This goal is usually achieved using a combination of different techniques, including

• information retrieval
• information extraction
• natural language processing
• opinion mining.

In this seminar we will cover the most important components and techniques that are required for building a question answering system.

In addition, the students will build a QA system that can answer questions from "Who wants to be a millionaire?".

• Contact: Dr. Saeedeh Momtazi
• 3 credit points
• Schedule: Mondays, 15:15 - 16:45
• Room: A 2-2

• Presentation
  • preliminary presentation about one of the QA components
  • final presentation about the results of the implemented QA system
• Implementation of the Coressponding part of a QA system for "Who wants to be a millionaire?"
• Documentation (2 pages) 

• Answer Validation
  • Masatsugu Tonoike, Takehito Utsuro, Satoshi Sato, Answer Validation by Keyword Association, COLING Conference, 2004
  • Bernardo Magnini, Matteo Negri, Roberto Prevete, Hristo Tanev, Mining the web to validate answers to natural language questions, Data Mining Conference, 2002
  • Dan Shen, Michael Wiegand, Andreas Merkel, The Alyssa System at TREC QA 2007: Do We Need Blog06?, TREC Conference, 2007 (Section 3.6  and 3.7)
• Sentence Annotation: Named Entity Annotation
  • David Nadeau, Satoshi Sekine, A survey of named entity recognition and classification, Linguisticae Investigaciones, 2007
  • Karën Fort, Maud Ehrmann, Adeline Nazarenko, Towards a Methodology for Named Entities Annotation, ACL workshop on Linguistic Annotation, 2009
• Sentence Annotation: Dependency Parsing
  • Joakim Nivre, Dependency Grammar and Dependency Parsing, Journal Of The International Linguistic Association, 2005
• Sentence Annotation: Semantic Role Labeling
  • Daniel Gildea, Danied Jurafsky, Automatic Labeling of Semantic Roles, ACL Conference, 2000
  • Daniel Gildea, Danied Jurafsky, Automatic Labeling of Semantic Roles, Journal of Computational Linguistics, 2002
• Question Analysis
  • Deepak Ravichandran, Eduard Hovy, Learning Surface Text Patterns for a Question Answering System, ACL Conference, 2002
  • Michael Kaisser, Bonnie Webber, Question Answering based on Semantic Roles, ACL workshop on Workshop on Important Unresolved Matters, 2005
• Question Classification
  • Xin Li, Dan Roth, Learning Question Classifiers, COLING Conference, 2002
  • Dell Zhang, Wee Sun Lee, Question Classification using Support Vector Machines, SIGIR Conference, 2003
• Query Construction
  • Samuel Huston, W. Bruce Croft, Evaluating Verbose Query Processing Techniques, SIGIR Conference, 2010
  • Eugene Agichtein, Steve Lawrence, Luis Gravano, Learning Search Engine Specific Query Transformations for Question Answering, WWW Conference 2010
• Document Retrieval
  • Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan and Hinrich Schütze, Introduction to Information Retrieval, Cambridge University Press, 2008  (Chapter 12)
• Sentence Retrieval: Sentences vs. Documents
  • Vanessa Murdoch, Aspects of Sentence Retrieval, PhD Thesis, 2006 (Chapter 2)
  • Ronald T. Fernandez, David E. Losada, Leif A. Azzopardi, Extending the language modeling framework for sentence retrieval to include local context, Journal of Information Retrieval, 2010
• Sentence Retrieval: Word Relationship in SR
  • Vanessa Murdock, W. Bruce Croft, A Translation Model for Sentence Retrieval, EMNLP Conference, 2005
  • Saeedeh Momtazi, Advanced Language Modeling for Sentence Retrieval and Classification in Question Answering Systems, PhD Thesis, 2010 (Chapter 5 + 8.3.1)
• Answer Extraction
  • Dan Shen, Exploring Rich Evidence for Maximum Entropy-based Question Answering, PhD Thesis, 2008 (Chapter 6)
• Opinion and Polarity Classification
  • Hong Yu, Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Towards Answering Opinion Questions: Separating Facts from Opinions and Identifying the Polarity of Opinion Sentences, EMNLP Conference, 2003

Further Readings:

• Answer Validation
  • Bernardo Magnini, Matteo Negri, Roberto Prevete, Hristo Tanev, Comparing Statistical and Content-Based Techniques for Answer Validation on the Web, AI*IA, 2002
• Question Analysis
  • Pere R. Comas, Jordi Turmo, Luis Marquez, Using Dependency Parsing and Machine Learning for Factoid Question Answering on Spoken Documents, INTERSPEECH 2010
  • Dan Shen, Mirella Lapata, Using Semantic Roles to Improve Question Answering, EMNLP Conference, 2007
• Question Classification
  • Xin Li, Dan Roth, Learning Question Classifiers: The Role of Semantic Information, Journal of Natural Language Engineering, 2006